Mongolia - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • Table A. Chronology of Important Events
  • Country Profile
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • Early Development, ca. 220 B.C.-A.D. 1206
  • Xiongnu and Yuezhi
  • Donghu, Toba, and Ruruan
  • Rise of the Tü
  • Influence of Tang China
  • Kitan and Jurchen
  • The Era of Chinggis Khan, 1206-27
  • Early Wars in China
  • Conquest of Khwarizm and Reconnaissance into Europe
  • The Last Campaign of Chinggis Khan
  • Successors of Chinggis, 1228-59
  • Subetei and the European Expedition
  • Reign of Kuyuk
  • Mengke and the War in China
  • Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368
  • The Yuan Dynasty
  • The Ilkhans
  • The Golden Horde
  • The Mongol Decline
  • Mongolia in Transition, 1368-1911
  • Caught Between the Russians and the Manchus
  • The End of Independence
  • Modern Mongolia, 1911-84
  • Revolutionary Transformation, 1921-24
  • Consolidation of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1925- 28
  • Purges of the Opposition, 1928-32
  • Economic Gradualism and National Defense, 1932-45
  • National Defense, 1940-45
  • Peacetime Development, 1946-52
  • Socialist Construction under Tsedenbal, 1952-84
  • Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • Geography
  • Climate
  • Environmental Concerns
  • Population
  • Pro-natal Policies
  • Population Distribution
  • The Urban Population
  • Ethnic and Linguistic Groups
  • Chinese, Russians, and Others
  • Society
  • Pastoralism as a Cultural System
  • Pastoralism in Practice
  • Constraints on Herding
  • Traditional Patterns
  • Planned Modernization
  • Unifying Structures
  • Increasing Social Differentiation
  • Collectivized Farming and Herding
  • Modernized Nomads
  • Work Collectives
  • Kinship, Family, and Marriage
  • Family Structure
  • Marriage
  • Position of Women
  • Education and Employment
  • Social Mobility
  • Channels of Social Mobility
  • Cultural Unity and Mongol Identity
  • Promotion of Traditional Festivals
  • Religion
  • The Suppression of Buddhism
  • Uses of Buddhism
  • Religious Survivals
  • Health and Welfare
  • Precautions Against AIDS
  • Education
  • Higher Education
  • Study in the Soviet Union
  • Mongolian Science
  • Science, Progress, and Tradition
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • Socialist Framework of the Economy
  • Planning
  • Budget
  • Structure of the Economy
  • Economic Reforms
  • Natural resources
  • Agriculture
  • Crop Production
  • Animal Husbandry
  • Forestry
  • Fishing
  • Light Industry
  • Mining
  • Energy
  • Construction
  • Services
  • Domestic Trade and Other Services
  • Retail Trade and Consumption
  • Labor Force
  • Labor Force Policy and Planning
  • Working Conditions and Income
  • Trade Unions
  • Foreign Economic Relations and Comecon
  • Participation in Comecon
  • Foreign Assistance, Investment, and Joint Ventures
  • Exports and Imports
  • Trading Partners
  • Tourism
  • Roads
  • Railroads
  • Inland Waterways
  • Civil Aviation
  • Telecommunications
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • Government Structure
  • Constitutional Framework
  • Major State Organizations
  • Legislative
  • Executive
  • Judicial
  • Local Administration
  • Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
  • Membership
  • Party Congress
  • Central Committee
  • Political Bureau and Secretariat
  • Regional and Local Party Organizations
  • Mass Organizations
  • Mongolian-Soviet Friendship Society
  • Women's Organizations
  • Labor Organizations
  • Other Mass Organizations
  • The Political Process
  • Democratic Centralism
  • Political Issues
  • Role of the Military
  • General Political Values and Attitudes
  • Foreign Policy
  • Motivation and Goals
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • Foreign Relations
  • China
  • United States
  • Other Countries
  • International Organizations
  • The Media
  • Information Policy
  • Major Channels
  • Foreign Sources
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • The Armed Forces
  • Beginning of Modern Military Practices, 1911-21
  • The Mongolian Army, 1921-68
  • Internal Discord and War with Japan
  • Postwar Developments
  • Organization since 1968
  • Personnel
  • Education and Training
  • Civil-Military Relations
  • Economic Role
  • Threat Perception
  • Criminal Justice and Public Security
  • The Legal System
  • Criminal Court System
  • The Penal System
  • The Security System
  • Auxiliary Security Forces
  • Incidence of Crime

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