Albania - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • Table A. Chronology of Important Events
  • COUNTRY PROFILE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • THE ANCIENT ILLYRIANS
  • THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS AND THE MIDDLE AGES
  • THE ALBANIAN LANDS UNDER OTTOMAN DOMINATION, 1385-1876
  • The Ottoman Conquest of Albania
  • Albanians under Ottoman Rule
  • Local Albanian Leaders in the Early Nineteenth Century
  • NATIONAL AWAKENING AND THE BIRTH OF ALBANIA, 1876-1918
  • The Rise of Albanian Nationalism
  • The Balkan Wars and Creation of Independent Albania
  • World War I and Its Effects on Albania
  • INTERWAR ALBANIA, 1918-41
  • Albania's Reemergence after World War I
  • Social and Economic Conditions after World War I
  • Government and Politics
  • Italian Penetration
  • Zog's Kingdom
  • Italian Occupation
  • WORLD WAR II AND THE RISE OF COMMUNISM, 1941-44
  • The Communist and Nationalist Resistance
  • The Communist Takeover of Albania
  • COMMUNIST ALBANIA
  • Consolidation of Power and Initial Reforms
  • Albanian-Yugoslav Tensions
  • Deteriorating Relations with the West
  • Albania and the Soviet Union
  • Albania and China
  • The Cultural and Ideological Revolution
  • The Break with China and Self-Reliance
  • Chapter 2. The Society and its Environment
  • PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
  • Topography
  • Drainage
  • Climate
  • THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE
  • Ethnicity
  • Greeks and Other Minorities
  • Albanians in Kosovo
  • Languages and Dialects
  • Settlement Patterns
  • SOCIAL SYSTEM
  • Social Structure under Communist Rule
  • RELIGION
  • Hoxha's Antireligious Campaign
  • The Revival of Religion
  • EDUCATION
  • Education under Communist Rule
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
  • Housing
  • Social Insurance
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • ECONOMIC POLICY AND PERFORMANCE
  • The Precommunist Albanian Economy
  • Imposition of the Stalinist System
  • Dependence on Yugoslavia, 1945-48
  • Dependence on the Soviet Union, 1948-60
  • Dependence on China, 1961-78
  • Isolation and Autarky
  • ECONOMIC SYSTEM
  • Governmental Bodies and Control
  • Ownership and Private Property
  • Enterprises and Firms
  • Finance and Banking
  • Currency and Monetary Policy
  • Government Revenues and Expenditures
  • Savings
  • WORK FORCE AND STANDARD OF LIVING
  • Prices and Wages
  • Domestic Consumption
  • Standard of Living
  • Population and Work Force
  • Women in the Work Force
  • Trade Unions
  • AGRICULTURE
  • The Land
  • Land Distribution and Agricultural Organization
  • Structure and Marketing of Agricultural Output
  • Livestock and Pasturelands
  • Mechanization
  • Fertilizers, Pesticides, and Seeds
  • Forests
  • Fisheries
  • INDUSTRY
  • Energy and Natural Resources
  • Manufacturing
  • Engineering
  • Light Industry
  • Food Processing
  • Construction
  • Environmental Problems
  • TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
  • Road Transportation
  • Railroads
  • Air Transportation
  • Water Transportation
  • Telecommunications
  • RETAIL TRADE, SERVICES, AND TOURISM
  • Retail Trade and Services
  • Black Market
  • Tourism
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
  • Foreign Trade Organization
  • Foreign Trade Balance and Balance of Payments
  • Trade Partners
  • Commodity Pattern of Trade
  • Activities of Foreign Companies in Albania
  • Foreign Assistance
  • PROSPECTS FOR REFORM
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • ORIGINS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
  • Albania after World War II
  • The Hoxha Regime
  • Alia Takes Over
  • ALBANIA'S COMMUNIST PARTY
  • THE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS
  • People's Assembly
  • Council of Ministers and People's Councils
  • Courts
  • MASS ORGANIZATIONS
  • Democratic Front
  • Union of Albanian Working Youth
  • Union of Albanian Women
  • United Trade Unions of Albania
  • MASS MEDIA
  • REFORM POLITICS
  • Initial Stages
  • Human Rights
  • Further Moves Toward Democracy
  • Multiparty System
  • The Coalition Government of 1991
  • FOREIGN POLICY
  • Shifting Alliances
  • Changes in the 1980s
  • Alia's Pragmatism
  • Albania Seeks New Allies
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES
  • From Independence to World War II
  • World War II
  • Postwar Development
  • EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY
  • DEFENSE ORGANIZATION
  • Political Control
  • People's Army
  • Ground Forces
  • Air and Air Defense Forces
  • Naval Forces
  • Military Manpower
  • Conscript Training
  • Paramilitary Training
  • Military Schools
  • Military Budget and the Economy
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
  • Domestic Repression under Hoxha and Alia
  • Penal Code
  • Penal System
  • Security Forces
  • Directorate of State Security
  • Frontier Guards
  • People's Police
  • Auxiliary Police

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