Angola - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • COUNTRY PROFILE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Chapter. 1. Historical Setting
  • PRECOLONIAL ANGOLA AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE PORTUGUESE
  • Kongo Kingdom
  • Ndongo Kingdom
  • The Defeat of Kongo and Ndongo
  • Matamba and Kasanje Kingdoms
  • Lunda and Chokwe Kingdoms
  • Ovimbundu and Kwanhama Kingdoms
  • The Dutch Interregnum, 1641-48
  • ANGOLA IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
  • Portuguese Settlers in Angola
  • THE 1800s: TURMOIL IN PORTUGAL, REFORM AND EXPANSION IN ANGOLA
  • Abolition of the Slave Trade
  • Expansion and the Berlin Conference
  • SETTLEMENT, CONQUEST, AND DEVELOPMENT
  • Military Campaigns
  • Administration and Development
  • ANGOLA UNDER THE SALAZAR REGIME
  • Salazar's Racial Politics
  • RISE OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM
  • Roots of Discontent
  • African Associations
  • The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
  • The National Front for the Liberation of Angola
  • Organizational Weaknesses
  • Beginning of Revolution
  • ANGOLAN INSURGENCY
  • Ascendancy of the MPLA
  • Emergence of UNITA
  • Liberation Movements in Cabinda
  • Portuguese Economic Interests and Resistance to Angolan Independence
  • The Portuguese Coup d'Etat and the End of the Colonial Era
  • COALITION, THE TRANSITIONAL GOVERNMENT, AND CIVIL WAR
  • Foreign Intervention
  • Collapse of the Transitional Government
  • South African Intervention
  • INDEPENDENCE AND THE RISE OF THE MPLA GOVERNMENT
  • Transformation into a Marxist-Leninist Party and Internal Dissent
  • Shaba Invasion and the Nitista Plot
  • Strengthening Ties with the Soviet Union and Its Allies
  • Economic Problems and the Implementation of Socialist Policies
  • The UNITA Insurgency and the South African Threat
  • The Final Days of the Neto Regime
  • THE DOS SANTOS REGIME
  • Steps Toward a Stronger Party and Political Discord
  • The Namibia Issue and Security Threats in the 1980s
  • Second Party Congress
  • Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • PHYSICAL SETTING
  • Terrain
  • Drainage
  • Climate
  • POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS
  • ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
  • The Definition of Ethnicity
  • Ethnolinguistic Categories
  • Ovimbundu
  • Mbundu
  • Bakongo
  • Lunda-Chokwe
  • Nganguela
  • Ovambo, Nyaneka-Humbe, Herero, and Others
  • Hunters, Gatherers, Herders, and Others
  • Mestiç
  • STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
  • Social Structure in Rural Communities
  • Ovimbundu Social Structure
  • Mbundu Social Structure
  • Social Structure in Urban Areas
  • Effects of Socialist Policies
  • Policies Affecting Rural Society
  • Policies Affecting Urban Society
  • Role of Women and Children
  • Effects of the Insurgency
  • RELIGIOUS LIFE
  • Christianity
  • Indigenous Religious Systems
  • EDUCATION
  • Conditions after Independence
  • Education in UNITA-Claimed Territory
  • HEALTH AND WELFARE
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • BACKGROUND TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
  • STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  • ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT
  • FOREIGN TRADE AND ASSISTANCE
  • Foreign Trade
  • Foreign Assistance
  • LABOR FORCE
  • EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES
  • Oil
  • Postindependence Exploration and Production
  • Marketing
  • Diamonds
  • Iron Ore
  • Other Minerals
  • AGRICULTURE
  • Coffee
  • Food Crops and Livestock
  • Timber
  • Fishing
  • INDUSTRY
  • Electric Power
  • Food Processing
  • Light Industry
  • Heavy Industry
  • Construction Materials
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • Railroads
  • Ports
  • Air Transport
  • Telecommunications
  • BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, FINANCES, AND FOREIGN DEBT
  • Finances
  • Foreign Debt
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • BACKGROUND
  • STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
  • Executive Branch
  • Council of Ministers
  • Defense and Security Council
  • Legislative Branch
  • Judicial System
  • Local Administration
  • POPULAR MOVEMENT FOR THE LIBERATION OF ANGOLA-WORKERS' PARTY
  • Structure
  • Political Bureau
  • Central Committee
  • Party Congress
  • Regional Organization
  • Operations
  • POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
  • MASS ORGANIZATIONS AND INTEREST GROUPS
  • Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Youth Movement
  • National Union of Angolan Workers
  • Organization of Angolan Women
  • Interest Groups
  • Traditional Elites
  • Religious Communities
  • POLITICAL OPPOSITION
  • MASS MEDIA
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
  • Regional Politics
  • Regional Accord
  • Relations with Other African States
  • Communist Nations
  • United States and Western Europe
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • NATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
  • EVOLUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES
  • Independence Struggle, Civil War, and Intervention
  • The Development of FAPLA
  • ARMED FORCES
  • Armed Forces Organization and Mission
  • Ground Forces
  • Air and Air Defense Force
  • Navy
  • Foreign Auxiliary Forces
  • Troop Strength, Recruitment, and Conscription
  • Conditions of Service, Ranks, and Military Justice
  • Foreign Influences
  • Noncommunist Nations
  • Training
  • FAPLA's Combat Performance
  • WAR AND THE ROLE OF THE ARMED FORCES IN SOCIETY
  • War and the Military in National Perspective
  • Civic Action and Veterans' Groups
  • INTERNAL SECURITY
  • Antigovernment Opposition
  • Erstwhile Opposition: FLEC and the FNLA
  • The Enduring Rival: UNITA
  • Military Organization and Capability
  • External Support
  • Angola as a Refuge
  • Internal Security Forces and Organization
  • CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
  • Prison System
  • Incidence and Trends in Crime
  • Human Rights

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