Somalia - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • COUNTRY PROFILE
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • THE SOMALIS: THEIR ORIGINS, MIGRATIONS, AND SETTLEMENT
  • Coastal Towns
  • Emergence of Adal
  • Mogadishu and Its Banaadir Hinterlands
  • The Somali Peninsula on the Eve of Imperial Partition
  • The Majeerteen Sultanates
  • IMPERIAL PARTITION
  • Mahammad Abdille Hasau's Dervish Resistance to Colonial Occupation
  • Consolidation of Colonial Rule
  • Somalia During World War II
  • British Military Administration
  • Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence
  • FROM INDEPENDENCE TO REVOLUTION
  • Problems of National Integration
  • Pan-Somalism
  • Foreign Relations, 1960-69
  • The Husseen Government
  • The Igaal Government
  • Coup d'Etat
  • THE REVOLUTIONARY REGIME
  • Supreme Revolutionary Council
  • Challenges to the Regime
  • Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism
  • The Language and Literacy Issue
  • Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
  • SOMALIA'S DIFFICULT DECADE, 1980-90
  • Siad Barre's Repressive Measures
  • Persecution of the Majeerteen
  • Oppression of the Isaaq
  • Harrying of the Hawiye
  • Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environemnt
  • PHYSICAL SETTING
  • Climate
  • Terrain, Vegetation, and Drainage
  • POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
  • THE SEGMENTARY SOCIAL ORDER
  • Samaal
  • Digil and Rahanwayn
  • Riverine and Coastal People of Non-Somali Origin
  • Specialized Occupational Groups
  • Social Change
  • LINEAGE SEGMENTATION AND THE SOMALI CIVIL WAR
  • RELIGIOUS LIFE
  • The Tenets of Islam
  • Religious Roles in Somali Islam
  • Religious Orders and the Cult of the Saints
  • Folk Islam and Indigenous Ritual
  • Islam in the Colonial Era and After
  • Rising Islamism
  • LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION
  • Education
  • HEALTH
  • REFUGEES
  • BREAKDOWN OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • PASTORALISM AND COMMERCE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
  • THE COLONIAL ECONOMY
  • ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 1960-69
  • SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM, 1970-75
  • THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION after 1975
  • FROM SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM TO "IMF-ISM," 1981-90
  • NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE
  • Energy
  • Transportation
  • Communications
  • THE "REAL" SOMALI ECONOMY IN THE 1980s
  • Export of Labor
  • Export of Livestock
  • Rural Subsistence Sector
  • Urban Subsistence and Government Employment
  • Undeveloped Sectors
  • Mining
  • Forestry
  • Fishing
  • Manufacturing
  • Foreign Trade
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
  • Constitution
  • Legislature
  • Local Government
  • Legal System
  • Courts
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
  • Opposition Movements
  • Politics of Reconciliation
  • Politics of Succession
  • Politics of Disintegration
  • MASS MEDIA
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
  • Relations with Other African States
  • Relations with Arab Countries
  • Relations with the United States
  • Other Foreign Relations
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CONCERNS
  • Irredentism and the Changing Balance of Power
  • The Ogaden War: Performance and Implications of Defeat
  • Postwar Status of the Armed Forces
  • INTERNAL SECURITY CONCERNS
  • Government Security Policy
  • Sources of Opposition
  • HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES
  • The Warrior Tradition and Development of a Modern Army
  • The Armed Forces in National Life
  • The Military and the Government
  • The Military and the Economy
  • Mission, Organization, and Strength
  • Manpower, Training, and Conditions of Service
  • FOREIGN MILITARY ASSISTANCE
  • STATE SECURITY SERVICES
  • People's Militia
  • National Security Service
  • CRIMINAL JUSTICE
  • Penal System
  • Prison System
  • HUMAN RIGHTS

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