Finland - A Country Study

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Index Page

  • Country Profile
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • SOCIETY
  • ECONOMY
  • TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
  • GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
  • NATIONAL SECURITY
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Historical Setting
  • ORIGINS OF THE FINNS
  • THE ERA OF SWEDISH RULE, c. 1150-1809
  • Medieval Society and Economy
  • The Kalmar Union
  • The Reformation
  • Finland and the Swedish Empire
  • THE RUSSIAN GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND, 1809-1917
  • The Rise of Finnish Nationalism
  • Social and Economic Developments
  • The Era of Russification
  • INDEPENDENCE AND THE INTERWAR ERA, 1917-39
  • The Finnish Civil War
  • The Establishment of Finnish Democracy
  • Finnish Security Policy Between the Wars
  • WORLD WAR II, 1939-45
  • The Continuation War
  • The Lapland War
  • The Effects of the War
  • THE POSTWAR ERA
  • The Cold War and the Treaty of 1948
  • Domestic Developments and Foreign Politics, 1948-66
  • Finland in the Era of Consensus, 1966-81
  • Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
  • GEOGRAPHY
  • Size, External Boundaries, and Geology
  • Landform Regions
  • Climate
  • DEMOGRAPHY
  • External Migration
  • Internal Migration
  • Urbanization
  • SOCIAL STRUCTURE
  • Occupational and Wage Structure
  • Class Structure
  • FAMILY LIFE
  • Marriage
  • Status of Women
  • MINORITY GROUPS
  • Lapps
  • Swedish-speaking Finns
  • Gypsies
  • Jewish and Muslim Communities
  • RELIGION
  • Role of Religion
  • Lutheran Church of Finland
  • Revivalist Movements Within the Lutheran Church
  • Organization and Duties of the Lutheran Church
  • Orthodox Church of Finland
  • Smaller Registered Churches
  • EDUCATION
  • Primary and Secondary Education
  • Higher Education
  • Adult Education
  • PUBLIC WELFARE
  • Growth of the Social Welfare System
  • Organization of the Welfare System
  • Income Security Programs Classified as Social Insurance
  • National Pension Plan
  • Employee Pension Plans
  • Sickness Insurance
  • Unemployment Insurance
  • Workmen's Compensation
  • Income Security Classified as Welfare
  • Family Aid
  • Welfare Services
  • Child-Care Services
  • Services for the Disabled
  • Services for Substance Abusers
  • Health System
  • Development of the Health System
  • Organization of the Health System
  • Health Problems
  • LIVING CONDITIONS
  • Protection of the Environment
  • Housing
  • Chapter 3. The Economy
  • GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
  • Economic Development
  • Structure of the Economy
  • ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
  • Macroeconomic Policy
  • Public Finance
  • HUMAN RESOURCES
  • Employment
  • Industrial Relations
  • AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES
  • Agriculture
  • Farms and Farmers
  • Agricultural Policy
  • Farm Production Patterns
  • Forestry
  • Fisheries
  • ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
  • Energy
  • Minerals
  • INDUSTRY
  • Industrial Policy
  • Wood-Processing Industries
  • Metal Industries
  • Basic Metals
  • Machine Building
  • Transport Equipment
  • Electrical Equipment and High Technology
  • Other Industries
  • SERVICES
  • Banking and Finance
  • Transportation and Communications
  • Tourism
  • FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
  • Foreign Trade
  • Finnish Direct Investment Abroad
  • Balance of Payments
  • Regional Economic Integration
  • Ties to West European Markets
  • Finnish-Soviet Cooperation
  • Chapter 4. Government and Politics
  • CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
  • Constitutional Development
  • The Constitution
  • GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS
  • Legislature
  • President
  • Council of State
  • Legal System
  • Civil Service
  • Provincial Administration
  • Local Administration
  • Electoral System
  • Aland Islands
  • POLITICAL DYNAMICS
  • The Social Democratic Party
  • The Center Party
  • The National Coalition Party
  • The Communist Party of Finland
  • The Swedish People's Party
  • Smaller Parties and the Greens
  • Interest Groups
  • The Presidential Election of 1982 and Koivisto's Presidency
  • The Parliamentary Election of 1983
  • The Parliamentary Election of 1987
  • The Presidential Election of 1988
  • Mass Media
  • FOREIGN RELATIONS
  • Neutrality
  • Soviet Union
  • Nordic Europe
  • Western Europe
  • United States
  • United Nations and Third World
  • Chapter 5. National Security
  • MILITARY HERITAGE
  • TREATY COMMITMENTS AFFECTING NATIONAL SECURITY
  • GEOSTRATEGIC SITUATION
  • CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL SECURITY
  • THE ARMED FORCES
  • Command Structure
  • Army
  • Navy
  • Air Force
  • Conscription and Reserve Duty
  • Training and Education
  • Uniforms and Insignia
  • Conditions of Service
  • DEFENSE SPENDING
  • THE ARMED FORCES IN NATIONAL LIFE
  • UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES
  • SOURCES OF EQUIPMENT
  • Arms Acquisitions from Foreign Suppliers
  • Domestic Arms Production
  • CIVIL DEFENSE
  • PUBLIC ORDER AND SECURITY
  • Police Organization
  • Central Criminal Police
  • Mobile Police
  • Security Police
  • Police Training
  • Frontier Guard
  • CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
  • Principles of Criminal Justice
  • Criminal Courts
  • Incidence of Crime
  • Sentencing and Punishment
  • Drug Enforcement

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